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Musculoskeletal Biomechanics
"Orthopedic Biomechanics" sheds light on an important and interesting discipline at the interface between medical and natural sciences. Understanding the effects of mechanical influences on the human body is the first step toward developing innovative treatment and rehabilitation concepts for orthopaedic disorders. This book provides valuable information on the forces acting on muscles, tendons, and bones. Beginning with the step-by-step fundamentals of physics and mechanics, it goes on to cover the function and loading of joints, movement in two- and three-dimensions, and the properties of biological tissues. This book explains the practical importance of biomechanics, including special chapters addressing the mechanical causes of disk prolapse, load on the spine in sitting and standing positions, and the correlation between mechanical loading and bone density.
Key Features include:
* Limited use of complex vector equations while providing in-depth treatment analysis
* Exquisitely illustrated, detailed descriptions of the mechanical aspects of every major joint in the body: hip, shoulder, knee, and lumbar spine
* Extensive references for further information
* Valuable appendixes describing the interaction between mechanical and biological functions as well as mathematical tools necessary to understand technically demanding concepts
This book also analyses techniques for changing the effects on bones and joints through therapy, training, external aids, modified behaviour, and ergonomic improvements. An essential resource for orthopaedists and physical therapists alike, it will help you understand past and current scientific work in the field and how to apply state-of-the-art solutions to the problems you'll encounter on a daily basis.
Specialties:
Physical Therapy, Orthopaedics
| Author: |
Paul Brinckmann, Wolfgang Frobin, Gunnar Leivseth |
| ISBN: |
3131300515 • 9783131300515 |
| Publisher: |
Thieme Medical Publishing |
| Binding: |
Softcover |
| Year Published: |
May 2002 |
| No. of Pages: |
256 |
| Illustrations: |
244 |
| Contents: |
Preface
1 Orthopaedic biomechanics, an important and interesting discipline at the interface between medical and natural sciences
2 Basic concepts from physics and mechanics
2.1 Force
2.2 Moment
2.3 Pressure
2.4 Mechanical stress
2.5 Mechanical work, energy and power
3 Vector algebra
3.1 The trigonometric functions sine, cosine and tangent
3.2 Representation of vectors
3.3 Addition of vectors: graphical procedure in the 2-dimensioal case
3.4 Addition of vectors: numerical procedure
3.5 Decomposition of vectors into vectors addends
3.6 Multiplication of vectors: scalar product and vector product
4 Translation and rotation in a plane
4.1 Translation
4.2 Rotation
4.3 Combined translation and rotation
4.4 Instantaneous centre of rotation
4.5 Error influences when describing a motion
5 Mechanical equilibrium
5.1 Conditions of static mechanical equilibrium
5.2 Example: calculation of an unknown moment in the state of static equilibrium
5.3 Example: calculation of an unknown force in the state of static equilibrium
5.4 Example: calculation of the joint force of a beam scale in static equilibrium
6 Material properties of solid materials
6.1 Elongation and compression
6.2 Shear
6.3 Elastic, viscoelastic and plastic deformation
6.4 Hardness
6.5 Fracture
7 Deformation and strength of structures
7.1 Experimental determination of deformation and strength
7.2 Deformation and strength of beam-like structures
7.2.1 Deformation f a beam under tension or compression
7.2.2 Bending of a beam fixed at one end
7.2.3 Torsion of a beam around its long axis
8 Estimation of the load transmitted by joints of the human locomotor system by means of a biomechanical model calculation
8.1 Calculation of a joint load in the static case, illustrated with the example of the elbow joint
8.2 Determination of the joint force in the dynamic case, illustrated with the example of the ankle joint
8.3 Determination of the joint force if more than one muscle or ligament force has to be taken into account
9 Mechanical aspects of the hip joint
9.1 Load on the hip joint in the stance phase of slow gait
9.2 Influencing the load on the hip joint by gait technique, walking aids or surgical interventions
9.3 Determination of the load on the hip joint by gait analysis
9.4 Measurement of the load on the hip joint by instrumented joint replacement
9.5 Determination of the stress distribution on the surface of the hip joint
9.6 Measurement of the pressure distribution on the surface of the hip joint
9.7 Pressure on the articular surface as a primary cause of arthrosis of the hip joint
10 Mechanical aspects of the knee
10.1 Common features to all joints, illustrated by the example of the knee joint
10.2 Motion of the knee joint
10.3 Load on the femoro-tibial and femoro-patellar joint
10.4 Pressure distribution in the femoro-patellar joint
10.5 Loading of the cruciate ligaments
11 Mechanical aspects of the lumbar spine
11.1 Rotational and translational motion of the vertebrae in flexion and extension
11.2 Calculation of the loading of the lumbar spine: 2-dimensional model
11.3 The role of intra-abdominal pressure
11.4 Calculation of the loading of the lumbar spine: 3-dimensional model
11.5 Determination of he loading of the lumbar spine from measurements of intradiscal pressure
11.6 Determination of the load on the lumbar spine from measurements of stature change
11.7 Recommendations for carrying and lifting
11.8 Mechanical properties of lumbar intervertebral discs
11.8.1 Deformation of discs under load
11.8.2 Pressure distribution over the vertebral endplates
11.8.3 Intradiscal pressure and mechanical function of the disc
11.9 Compressive strength of lumbar vertebrae
11.10 Fracture of the vertebral arch
12 Mechanical aspects of the shoulder
12.1 Joints of the shoulder girdle
12.2 Loading of the glenohumeral joint
12.3 Stability of the glenohumeral joint
13 Mechanical properties of muscles and tendons
14 Mechanical properties of bones
14.1 Architecture of the bone tissue
14.2 Stress and strain of inhomogeneous, anisotropic materials
14.3 Material properties of cortical bone
14.4 Architecture and material properties of trabecular bone
14.5 In-vivo measurement of bone density and bone mineral content
14.6 In-vivo determination of the fracture risk of proximal femur and lumbar vertebrae
14.7 Adaptation of bones to mechanical demands
A1 Loading of the lumbar spine when sitting or standing
A1.1 Loading of the lumbar spine determined by measurement of intradiscal pressure
A1.2 Loading of the lumbar spine determined from measurement of stature change
A1.3 Biomechanical model comparing spinal loading in sitting and standing
A1.4 Conclusions
A2 What do we know about primary mechanical causes of lumbar disc prolapse?
A2.1 In-vitro studies
A2.2 Influence of posture on disc bulge and prolapse
A2.3 Epidemiological studies on the elation between heavy physical exertions and the prevalence of lumbar disc prolapse
A2.4 Conclusions and outlook
A3 Influence of physical activity on architecture and density of bones. An overview of observations on humans
A3.1 Methods for measuring bone density and bone mineral content
A3.2 Effects of increased mechanical loading
A3.3 Effects of reduced mechanical loading
A3.4 Summary and outlook
B1 Mathematical description of translation and rotation in a plane
B1.1 Cartesian coordinates
B1.2 Translation
B1.3 Rotation
B1.4 Motion combining translation and rotation
B1.5 Determination of the image parameters from 2 points and their images
B1.6 Matrix notation
B2 Mathematical description of translation and rotation in 3-dimensional space
B2.1 Matrix notation
B2.2 Coordinates and vectors
B2.3 Coordinate transformations
B2.4 Translation in 3-dimensional space
B2.5 Rotation in 3-dimensional space
B2.5.1 Rotations about the coordinate axes
B2.5.2 Combined rotation made up of a sequence of rotations
B2.5.3 Euler and Bryant-Cardan angles
B2.5.4 Rotation about an arbitrary axis
B2.5.5 Motion in 3-dimensional space, combined from rotation and translation. Theorem of Chasles
B2.6 Calculation of the parameters of rotation and translation in 3-dimensional space from the coordinates of reference points and their images
B2.6.1 Parameters of the motion of a body observed in a laboratory coordinate system
B2.6.2 Parameters describing the relative motion of two bodies
B3 Dealing with errors
B3.1 Mean and variance
B3.2 Biological variance
B3.3 Comparing precision among measuring methods or among investigators
B3.4 Error propagation
B3.4.1 Calculation of a propagated error using the example of an angle defined by the end points of two straight lines
B3.5 Method of least squares
B3.5.1 Regression line
B3.5.2 Fit of two sets of points by translation and rotation
Notation and units
Index |
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